Output Quantities#

Vertical profile quantities#

Name	SI-Unit	Description
clay	kg m^-3	mass concentration of clay-sized particles Particles with a diameter less than or equal to 4.0E-6 m are considered
dust	kg m^-3	mass concentration of dust-sized particles Particles with a diameter less than or equal to 63.0E-6 m are considered
e	m² s^-2	SGS turbulence kinetic energy
e*	m² s^-2	resolved-scale turbulence kinetic energy Calculated from variances or fluxes (see https://palm.muk.uni-hannover.de/trac/wiki/doc/tec/advection#statistical_evaluation).
eta	m	Kolmogorov length scale Only meaningful for DNS mode. The Kolmogorov length scale \(\eta\) is defined by \((\nu^3/\epsilon)^{1/4}\) with \(\nu\) being the kinematic, molecular viscosity and \(\epsilon\) being the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate. However, as LES is not resolving the smallest velocity scales, the direct determination of the dissipation rate and therefore of the Kolmogorov length scale is not possible in general. Only if run in DNS mode, a meaningful value of \(\eta\) will be output.
hyp	hPa	hydrostatic pressure
kc_X	ppm or kg m^-3	concentration of chemical species X Chemistry quantities requires the prefix kc_. X indicates the species name. Only species names belonging to the selected chemistry mechanism are allowed.
kc_wX	ppm m s^-1 or kg s^-1 m^-2	resolved-scale turbulent vertical flux of chemical species X Chemistry quantities requires the prefix kc_. X indicates the species name. Only species names belonging to the selected chemistry mechanism are allowed.
kc_w"X"	ppm m s^-1 or kg s^-1 m^-2	subgrid-scale turbulent vertical flux of chemical species X Chemistry quantities requires the prefix kc_. X indicates the species name. Only species names belonging to the selected chemistry mechanism are allowed.
kh	m² s^-1	eddy diffusivity for heat
km	m² s^-1	eddy diffusivity for momentum
l	m	mixing length
m_soil	m³ m^-3	volumetric soil moisture
nc	m^-3	cloud drop number density Requires cloud_scheme = morrison.
ni	m^-3	ice crystal number density Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison' and microphysics_ice_phase = .T..
nr	m^-3	rain drop number density Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng'.
p	Pa	perturbation pressure
prho	kg m^-3	potential density
prr	kg kg^-1 m s^-1	total precipitation rate of all cloud species Is allowed for all schemes except of cloud_scheme = 'sat_adjust'.
prr_cloud	kg kg^-1 m s^-1	precipitation rate of cloud droplets (by sedimentation) Is allowed for all schemes except of cloud_scheme = 'sat_adjust', but makes only sense if cloud_water_sedimentation = .T..
prr_graupel	kg kg^-1 m s^-1	precipitation rate of graupel Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T., and snow = .T., and graupel = .T..
q	kg kg^-1	water vapor mixing ratio (or total water mixing ratio if cloud physics is switched on) Requires humidity = .T..
qc	kg kg^-1	cloud water mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison'.
qg	kg kg^-1	graupel mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T., and snow = .T., and graupel = .T..
qi	kg kg^-1	ice crystal mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T..
ql	kg kg^-1	liquid water mixing ratio Requires using the bulk cloud model (BCM) or the Lagrangian cloud model (LCM) via setting of cloud_droplets = .T..
qr	kg kg^-1	rain water mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng'.
qs	kg kg^-1	snow mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T., and snow = .T., and graupel = .T..
qv	kg kg^-1	water vapor mixing ratio Requires using the bulk cloud model (BCM).
q*2	kg² kg^-2	variance of water vapor mixing ratio (or total water mixing ratio if cloud physics is switched on) Requires humidity = .T..
rad_lw_in	W m^-2	incoming longwave radiation flux
rad_lw_out	W m^-2	outgoing longwave radiation flux
rad_sw_in	W m^-2	incoming shortwave radiation flux
rad_sw_out	W m^-2	outgoing shortwave radiation flux
rh	%	relative humidity Requires humidity = .T..
rho	kg m^-3	air density
rho_sea_water	kg m^-3	density of sea water Requires ocean module switched on.
s	kg m^-3 or ppm	concentration of passive scalar Requires passive_scalar = .T..
sa	psu	salinity of sea water Requires ocean module switched on.
salsa_LDSA	micro m² cm^-3	total lung-deposited surface area
salsa_N_UFP	m^-3	total aerosol number concentration of particles smaller than 0.1 µm in diameter, i.e. ultrafine particles
salsa_N_tot	m^-3	total aerosol number concentration
salsa_PM0.1	kg m^-3	total mass concentration of particulate matter smaller than 0.1 µm in diameter, i.e. ultrafine particles
salsa_PM2.5	kg m^-3	total mass concentration of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter, i.e. ultrafine particles
salsa_PM10	kg m^-3	total mass concentration of particulate matter smaller than 10 µm in diameter, i.e. ultrafine particles
silt	kg m^-3	mass concentration of silt-sized particles Particles with a diameter greater than 4.0E-6 m and less than or equal to 63.0E-6 m are considered
Sw	1	skewness of the w-velocity component Sw is defined as \(w^3 / (w^2)^{1.5}\), where \(w\) is the resolved-scale vertical velocity.
s*2	(kg m^-3)²	resolved scale variance of the passive scalar Requires passive_scalar = .T..
t_soil	K	soil temperature
td_lsa_q	kg kg^-1 s^-1	horizontal large scale advection tendency for humidity
td_lsa_thetal	K s^-1	horizontal large scale advection tendency for temperature
td_nud_q	kg kg^-1 s^-1	nudging tendency for humidity
td_nud_thetal	K s^-1	nudging tendency for temperature
td_nud_u	m s^-2	nudging tendency for u-component of velocity
td_nud_v	m s^-2	nudging tendency for v-component of velocity
td_sub_q	kg kg^-1 s^-1	horizontal large scale subsidence tendency for humidity
td_sub_thetal	K s^-1	horizontal large scale subsidence tendency for temperature
theta	K	potential temperature
thetav	K	virtual potential temperature Requires humidity = .T..
u	m s^-1	u-component of velocity vector
ug	m s^-1	u-component of the geostrophic wind
u*2	m² s^-2	variance or horizontal momentum flux of the resolved scale u-velocity component In case of momentum_advec = 'ws-scheme', see statistical evaluation.
v	m s^-1	v-component of velocity vector
vg	m s^-1	v-component of the geostrophic wind
v*2	m² s^-2	variance or horizontal momentum flux of the resolved-scale v-velocity component In case of momentum_advec = 'ws-scheme', see statistical evaluation.
w	m s^-1	w-component of velocity vector
wq	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	total vertical turbulent water flux Sum of w"q" and wq.
wqv	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	total vertical turbulent latent heat flux Sum of w"qv" and wqv.
ws	kg m^-2 s^-1 or ppm m s^-1	total vertical turbulent scalar concentration flux Sum of w"s" and ws. Requires passive_scalar = .T..
wsa	psu m s^-1	total vertical turbulent salinity flux Sum of w"sa" and wsa. Requires ocean mode switched on.
wtheta	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	total vertical turbulent sensible heat flux Sum of w"theta" and wtheta.
wthetaBC	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	total vertical turbulent sensible heat flux when using the Bott-Chlond scheme Sum of w"theta" and wthetaBC.
wthetav	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	total vertical turbulent buoyancy flux Sum of w"theta" and wthetav.
wu	m² s^-2	u-component of the total vertical turbulent momentum flux Sum of w"u" and wu.
wv	m² s^-2	v-component of the total vertical turbulent momentum flux Sum of w"v" and wv.
w_subs	m s^-1	large-scale vertical subsidence
we	m³ s^-3	vertical flux of resolved-scale turbulence kinetic energy
wq	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	covariance or resolved-scale vertical turbulent water flux In case of scalar_advec = 'ws-scheme' see statistical evaluation.
wqv	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	covariance or resolved-scale vertical turbulent latent heat flux In case of scalar_advec = 'ws-scheme' see statistical evaluation.
wpddz	Pa m s^-2	divergence of transport of resolved-scale TKE due to pressure fluctuations Identical to term that appears in the resolved-scale TKE budget equation.
ws	kg m^-2 s^-1 or ppm m s^-1	resolved-scale vertical turbulent scalar concentration flux Requires passive_scalar = .T..
wsa	psu m s^-1	resolved-scale vertical turbulent salinity flux Requires ocean mode switched on.
wtheta	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	covariance or resolved-scale vertical turbulent sensible heat flux In case of scalar_advec = 'ws-scheme' see statistical evaluation.
wtheta2	K² m s^-1	resolved-scale third moment
wthetaBC	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	resolved-scale vertical turbulent sensible heat flux when using the Bott-Chlond scheme
wthetav	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	resolved-scale vertical turbulent buoyancy flux
wu	m² s^-2	covariance or u-component of resolved-scale vertical turbulent momentum flux In case of momentum_advec = 'ws-scheme' see statistical_evaluation.
wuu*ddz	m² s^-3	divergence of turbulent transport of resolved-scale TKE Identical to term that appears in the resolved-scale TKE budget equation.
wv	m² s^-2	covariance or v-component of resolved-scale vertical turbulent momentum flux In case of momentum_advec = 'ws-scheme' see statistical evaluation.
w*2	m² s^-2	variance or horizontal momentum flux of the resolved-scale w-velocity component In case of momentum_advec = 'ws-scheme', see statistical evaluation.
w2theta	K m² s^-2	resolved-scale third moment
w*3	m³ s^-3	third moment of the resolved-scale w-velocity component
w"e	m³ s^-3	turbulent vertical flux of subgrid-scale TKE
w"eddz	m² s^-3	divergence of turbulent vertical flux of subgrid-scale TKE
w"q"	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	subgrid-scale vertical turbulent water flux
w"qv"	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	subgrid-scale vertical turbulent latent heat flux
w"s"	kg m^-2 s^-1 or ppm m s^-1	subgrid-scale vertical turbulent scalar concentration flux Requires passive_scalar = .T..
w"sa"	psu m s^-1	subgrid-scale vertical turbulent salinity flux Requires ocean mode switched on.
w"theta"	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	subgrid-scale vertical turbulent sensible heat flux
w"thetav"	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	subgrid-scale vertical turbulent buoyancy flux
w"u"	m² s^-2	u-component of subgrid-scale vertical turbulent momentum flux
w"v"	m² s^-2	v-component of subgrid-scale vertical turbulent momentum flux

3d-array quantities#

Name	SI-Unit	Description
clay	kg m^-3	mass concentration of clay-sized particles Particles with a diameter less than or equal to 4.0E-6 m are considered
div_new	s^-1	flow divergence after corrector step After calling the pressure solver the divergence is usually reduced by several orders of magnitude, except for grid locations near topography, where the divergence at wall-bounded grid points is often only slightly reduced. In the majority of application this does not significantly impact the simulation results. However, attention has to be paid in case of dispersion studies (Eulerian approach), where chemical species or passive tracers might be impacted. Due to the non-vanishing divergence an additional sink/source term is implicitly imposed by the advection scheme, even though we already consider a correction term in the advection-term discretization. Due to this numerical error the scalar transport cannot be considered as fully conservative any more. Usually additional source/sink term is small and can be neglected. Anyhow, users should carefully check their simulation results in this regard.
div_old	s^-1	flow divergence at predictor step (before corrector step)
dust	kg m^-3	mass concentration of dust-sized particles Particles with a diameter less than or equal to 63.0E-6 m are considered
dust_mc_bin<b>	kg m^-3	mass concentration of a dust size bin <d> is one of the dust size bin numbers: 1, 2, 3, ... .
e	m² s^-2	SGS turbulence kinetic energy
hr	K s^-1	heating rate Indicates the heating/cooling of an air volume by direct heating/cooling of the air volume by radiation flux divergences (only RRTMG), by diabatic processes at plants, as well as by surface forcing. Note, no heating/cooling by advection, condensation, etc. is considered. This quantity is especially useful to evaluate katabatic flows where radiative cooling of air volumes, emission at plant surfaces, and radiative surface cooling is dominant.
im_hf_roof	K m s^-1	heatflux at building roof Only 3D output possible.
im_hf_roof_waste	K m s^-1	waste heatflux at building roof Only 3D output possible.
im_hf_wall_win	K m s^-1	heatflux at building walls and windows Only 3D output possible.
im_hf_wall_win_waste	K m s^-1	waste heatflux at building walls and windows Only 3D output possible.
im_t_indoor_mean	K	mean indoor temperature Horizontal building average at each storey. Only 3D output possible.
im_theta_10cm_roof	K	10-cm potential temperature above roofs Only 3D output possible.
im_theta_10cm_wall	K	10-cm potential temperature at vertical walls Only 3D output possible.
kc_X	ppm or kg m^-3	concentration of chemical species X Chemistry quantities requires the prefix kc_. X indicates the species name. Only species names belonging to the selected chemistry mechanism are allowed.
m_soil	m³ m^-3	volumetric soil moisture
nc	m^-3	cloud drop number density Requires cloud_scheme = morrison.
ng	m^-3	graupel number density Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T., and snow = .T., and graupel = .T..
ni	m^-3	ice crystal number density Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison' and microphysics_ice_phase = .T..
nr	m^-3	rain drop number density Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng'.
ns	m^-3	snow number density Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T., and snow = .T., and graupel = .T..
p	Pa	perturbation pressure
pc	number per gridbox	particle/droplet concentration
pcm_bad	m² m^-3	basal area density Only 3d-output possible.
pcm_heatrate	K s^-1	plant canopy heating rate by solar radiation Only 3d-output possible.
pcm_lad	m² m^-3	leaf area density Only 3d-output possible.
pcm_latentrate	K s^-1	plant canopy latent heat flux Only 3d-output possible.
pcm_transpirationrate	kg kg^-1 s^-1	plant canopy transpiration rate by solar radiation Only 3d-output possible.
pr	m	mean particle/droplet radius
prr	kg kg^-1 m s^-1	total precipitation rate of all cloud species Is allowed for all schemes except of cloud_scheme = 'sat_adjust'.
prr_cloud	kg kg^-1 m s^-1	precipitation rate of cloud droplets (by sedimentation) Is allowed for all schemes except of cloud_scheme = 'sat_adjust', but makes only sense if cloud_water_sedimentation = .T..
prr_graupel	kg kg^-1 m s^-1	precipitation rate of graupel Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T., and snow = .T., and graupel = .T..
prr_ice	kg kg^-1 m s^-1	precipitation rate of ice crystals Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T..
prr_rain	kg kg^-1 m s^-1	precipitation rate of rain droplets Is allowed for all schemes except of cloud_scheme = 'sat_adjust'.
prr_snow	kg kg^-1 m s^-1	precipitation rate of snow Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T., and snow = .T., and graupel = .T..
q	kg kg^-1	water vapor mixing ratio (or total water mixing ratio if cloud physics is switched on) Requires humidity = .T..
qc	kg kg^-1	cloud water mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison'.
qg	kg kg^-1	graupel mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T., and snow = .T., and graupel = .T..
qi	kg kg^-1	ice crystal mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T..
ql	kg kg^-1	liquid water mixing ratio Requires using the bulk cloud model (BCM) or the Lagrangian cloud model (LCM) via setting of cloud_droplets = .T..
ql_c	kg kg^-1	change in liquid water mixing ratio due to condensation/evaporation during last time step Requires to switch on the Lagrangian cloud model (LCM) via setting of cloud_droplets = .T..
ql_v	m³ per gridpox	volume of liquid water Requires to switch on the Lagrangian cloud model (LCM) via setting of cloud_droplets = .T..
ql_vp	1	weighting factor Requires to switch on the Lagrangian cloud model (LCM) via setting of cloud_droplets = .T..
qr	kg kg^-1	rain water mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng'.
qs	kg kg^-1	snow mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison', and microphysics_ice_phase = .T., and snow = .T., and graupel = .T..
qv	kg kg^-1	water vapor mixing ratio Requires using the bulk cloud model (BCM).
rad_lw_cs_hr	K h^-1	clear-sky longwave radiative heating rate
rad_lw_hr	K h^-1	longwave radiative heating rate
rad_lw_in	W m^-2	incoming longwave radiation flux
rad_lw_out	W m^-2	outgoing longwave radiation flux
rad_sw_cs_hr	K h^-1	clear-sky shortwave radiative heating rate
rad_sw_hr	K h^-1	shortwave radiative heating rate
rad_sw_in	W m^-2	incoming shortwave radiation flux
rad_sw_out	W m^-2	outgoing shortwave radiation flux
rh	%	relative humidity Requires humidity = .T..
rho_sea_water	kg m^-3	density of sea water Requires ocean module switched on.
rtm_dif_<d>_<i>_<j>_<k>	1	transparency of view factor of the surface to a surface with i,j,k coordinates <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east. <i>, <j>,<k> are coordinates of pair surfaces.
rtm_mrt	K	mean radiant temperature
rtm_mrt_lw	W m^-2	LW fraction of MRT radiation flux
rtm_mrt_sw	W m^-2	SW fraction of MRT radiation flux
rtm_rad_inlw_<d>	W m^-2	complete incoming LW radiation at the surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_inlwdif_<d>	W m^-2	incoming diffuse LW radiation at the surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_inlwref_<d>	W m^-2	incoming reflected and emitted LW radiation at the surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_insw_<d>	W m^-2	complete incoming SW radiation at the surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_inswdif_<d>	W m^-2	incoming diffuse solar SW radiation at the surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_inswdir_<d>	W m^-2	incoming direct solar SW radiation at the surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_inswref_<d>	W m^-2	incoming reflected SW radiation at the surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_net_<d>	W m^-2	net radiation flux at the surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_outlw_<d>	W m^-2	outgoing LW radiation from the surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_outsw_<d>	W m^-2	outgoing SW radiation from the surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_pc_inlw_<d>	W m^-2	LW radiation absorbed by plant canopy <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_pc_insw_<d>	W m^-2	SW radiation absorbed by plant canopy <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_pc_inswdif_<d>	W m^-2	diffuse solar SW radiation absorbed by plant canopy <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_pc_inswdir_<d>	W m^-2	direct solar SW radiation absorbed by plant canopy <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_pc_inswref_<d>	W m^-2	reflected SW radiation absorbed by plant canopy <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_reslw_<d>	W m^-2	residuum of LW radiation absorbed in surface after last reflection <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_rad_ressw_<d>	W m^-2	residuum of SW radiation absorbed in surface after last reflection <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_skyvf_<d>	1	sky view factor <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_skyvft_<d>	1	sky view factor including transparency of plant canopy <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_surfalb_<d>	1	effective albedo of the surface (weighted average of fractions) <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_surfemis_<d>	1	effective emissivity of the surface (weighted average of fractions) <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
rtm_svf_<d>_<i>_<j>_<k>	1	view factor of the surface to a surface with i,j,k coordinates <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east. <i>, <j>, <k> are coordinates of pair surfaces.
s	kg m^-3 or ppm	concentration of passive scalar Requires passive_scalar = .T..
sa	psu	salinity of sea water Requires ocean module switched on.
salsa_g_<gaseous_compound>	m^-3	concentration of <gaseous_compound> <gaseous_compound> is one of H2SO4, HNO3, NH3, OCNV, OCSV
salsa_LDSA	micro m² cm^-3	total lung-deposited surface area
salsa_N_bin<bin number>	m^-3	aerosol number concentration in the aerosol size bin <bin number> is one of the specified aerosol bins
salsa_N_UFP	m^-3	total aerosol number concentration of particles smaller than 0.1 µm in diameter, i.e. ultrafine particles
salsa_N_tot	m^-3	total aerosol number concentration
salsa_PM0.1	kg m^-3	total mass concentration of particulate matter smaller than 0.1 µm in diameter, i.e. ultrafine particles
salsa_PM2.5	kg m^-3	total mass concentration of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter, i.e. ultrafine particles
salsa_PM10	kg m^-3	total mass concentration of particulate matter smaller than 10 µm in diameter, i.e. ultrafine particles
salsa_s_<chemical_compound>	kg m^-3	concentration of <chemical_compound> in the aerosol phase <chemical_compound> is one of BC, DU, NH, NO, OC, SO4, SS, H2O
silt	kg m^-3	mass concentration of silt-sized particles Particles with a diameter greater than 4.0E-6 m and less than or equal to 63.0E-6 m are considered
slurb_t_road	K	road layer temperature
slurb_t_roof	K	roof layer temperature
slurb_t_wall_a	K	wall A layer temperature
slurb_t_wall_b	K	wall A layer temperature Same as slurb_t_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..
slurb_t_win_a	K	window A layer temperature
slurb_t_win_b	K	window A layer temperature Same as slurb_t_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..
t_soil	K	soil temperature
ta	°C	true air temperature
theta	K	potential temperature
thetal	K	liquid water potential temperature Requires using the bulk cloud model (BCM).
thetav	K	virtual potential temperature Requires humidity = .T..
ti	s^-1	curl of velocity vector (magnitude)
u	m s^-1	u-component of velocity vector
usm_iwghf_<d>	W m^-2	ground heat flux from indoor surface of wall or roof <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_iwghf_window_<d>	W m^-2	ground heat flux from indoor surface of window <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_qsws_<d>	W m^-2	latent heat flux from surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_qsws_liq_<d>	W m^-2	latent heat flux from liquid surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_qsws_veg_<d>	W m^-2	latent heat flux from vegetation surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_surfcat_<d>	1	surface category <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_surfwintrans_<d>	W m^-2	transmissivity window tiles <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_surfz_<d>	1	surface height (z) <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_swc_<k>_<d>	m³ m^-3	soil water content of k-th layer of green fraction <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east. <k> is the number of the green layer.
usm_t_green_<k>_<d>	K	temperature of k-th layer of green fraction <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east. <k> is the number of the green layer.
usm_t_surf_green_<d>	K	surface temperature of green surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_t_surf_wall_<d>	K	surface temperature of wall or roof surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_t_surf_window_<d>	K	surface temperature of window surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_t_wall_<k>_<d>	K	temperature of k-th layer of wall fraction <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east. <k> is the number of the wall layer.
usm_t_window_<k>_<d>	K	temperature of k-th layer of window fraction <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east. <k> is the number of the window layer.
usm_wghf_<d>	W m^-2	ground heat flux from wall or roof surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_wghf_green_<d>	W m^-2	ground heat flux from green surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_wghf_window_<d>	W m^-2	ground heat flux from window surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
usm_wshf_<d>	W m^-2	sensible heat flux from surface <d> is one of the directions: up, down, south, north, west, or east.
uu_product	m² s^-2	product of u and u To be used for calculation of resolved-scale transport <u'u'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on u-grid. Computation of <u'u'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <u'u'> = <uu> - <u><u>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough).
uv_product	m² s^-2	product of u and v To be used for calculation of resolved scale transport <u'v'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on u-grid. Therefore, output of uv is not necessarily identical to output of vu. Output of both quantities, however, can be useful for computation of spatial flux gradients. Computation of <u'v'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <u'v'> = <uv> - <u><v>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough).
uw_product	m² s^-2	product of u and w To be used for calculation of resolved scale transport <u'w'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on u-grid. Therefore, output of uw is not necessarily identical to output of wu. Output of both quantities, however, can be useful for computation of spatial flux gradients. Computation of <u'w'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <u'w'> = <uw> - <u><w>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough).
v	m s^-1	v-component of velocity vector
vu_product	m² s^-2	product of v and u To be used for calculation of resolved scale transport <v'u'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on v-grid. Therefore, output of vu is not necessarily identical to output of uv. Output of both quantities, however, can be useful for computation of spatial flux gradients. Computation of <v'u'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <v'u'> = <vu> - <v><u>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough).
vv_product	m² s^-2	product of v and v To be used for calculation of resolved-scale transport <v'v'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on v-grid. Computation of <v'v'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <v'v'> = <vv> - <v><v>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough).
vw_product	m² s^-2	product of v and w To be used for calculation of resolved-scale transport <v'w'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on v-grid. Therefore, output of vw is not necessarily identical to output of wv. Output of both quantities, however, can be useful for computation of spatial flux gradients. Computation of <v'w'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <v'w'> = <vw> - <v><w>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough).
w	m s^-1	w-component of velocity vector
wdir	degree	direction of horizontal wind vector
wq_product	kg kg^-1 m s^-1	product of w and q To be used for calculation of resolved-scale transport <w'q'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on w-grid. Requires humidity = .T.. Computation of <w'q'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <w'q'> = <wq> - <w><q>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough).
wspeed	m s^-1	magnitude of the horizontal wind vector
ws_product	m s^-1	product of w and s To be used for calculation of resolved-scale transport <w's'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on w-grid. Computation of <w's'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <w's'> = <ws> - <w><s>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough). Requires passive_scalar = .T..
wtheta_product	K m s^-1	product of w and theta To be used for calculation of resolved-scale transport <w'theta'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on w-grid. Computation of <w'theta'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <w'theta'> = <wtheta> - <w><theta>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough).
wu_product	m² s^-2	product of w and u To be used for calculation of resolved-scale transport <w'u'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on w-grid. Therefore, output of wu is not necessarily identical to output of uw. Output of both quantities, however, can be useful for computation of spatial flux gradients. Computation of <w'u'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <w'u'> = <wu> - <w><u>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough).
wv_product	m² s^-2	product of w and v To be used for calculation of resolved-scale transport <w'v'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on w-grid. Therefore, output of wv is not necessarily identical to output of vw. Output of both quantities, however, can be useful for computation of spatial flux gradients. Computation of <w'v'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <w'v'> = <wv> - <w><v>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough).
ww_product	m² s^-2	product of w and w To be used for calculation of resolved-scale transport <w'w'> in case of horizontal inhomogeneity. Output is defined on w-grid. Computation of <w'w'> is possible in post-processing via temporal EC-method, i.e. <w'w'> = <ww> - <w><w>, with < > being the temporal average. For accurate flux calculation the time averaging needs to be sufficiently long (usually 30min) and data from each timestep should enter the average to sample also high-frequency flux contributions (choose dt_averaging_input small enough).

Masked array quantities#

Name	SI-Unit	Description
e	m² s^-2	SGS turbulence kinetic energy
kc_X	ppm or kg m^-3	concentration of chemical species X Chemistry quantities requires the prefix kc_. X indicates the species name. Only species names belonging to the selected chemistry mechanism are allowed.
nr	m^-3	rain drop number density Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng'.
p	Pa	perturbation pressure
pc	number per gridbox	particle/droplet concentration
pr	m	mean particle/droplet radius
q	kg kg^-1	water vapor mixing ratio (or total water mixing ratio if cloud physics is switched on) Requires humidity = .T..
qc	kg kg^-1	cloud water mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng' or 'morrison'.
ql	kg kg^-1	liquid water mixing ratio Requires using the bulk cloud model (BCM) or the Lagrangian cloud model (LCM) via setting of cloud_droplets = .T..
ql_c	kg kg^-1	change in liquid water mixing ratio due to condensation/evaporation during last time step Requires to switch on the Lagrangian cloud model (LCM) via setting of cloud_droplets = .T..
ql_v	m³ per gridpox	volume of liquid water Requires to switch on the Lagrangian cloud model (LCM) via setting of cloud_droplets = .T..
ql_vp	1	weighting factor Requires to switch on the Lagrangian cloud model (LCM) via setting of cloud_droplets = .T..
qr	kg kg^-1	rain water mixing ratio Requires cloud_scheme = 'seifert_beheng'.
qv	kg kg^-1	water vapor mixing ratio Requires using the bulk cloud model (BCM).
rho_sea_water	kg m^-3	density of sea water Requires ocean module switched on.
s	kg m^-3 or ppm	concentration of passive scalar Requires passive_scalar = .T..
sa	psu	salinity of sea water Requires ocean module switched on.
ta	°C	true air temperature
theta	K	potential temperature
thetal	K	liquid water potential temperature Requires using the bulk cloud model (BCM).
thetav	K	virtual potential temperature Requires humidity = .T..
ti	s^-1	curl of velocity vector (magnitude)
u	m s^-1	u-component of velocity vector
v	m s^-1	v-component of velocity vector
w	m s^-1	w-component of velocity vector
wdir	degree	direction of horizontal wind vector
wspeed	m s^-1	magnitude of the horizontal wind vector

2d-array quantities#

Name	SI-Unit	Description
c_liq*	%	coverage of plants with liquid water
c_soil*	%	coverage of the land surface with bare soil
c_vef*	%	coverage of the land surface with vegetation
dust_depo_flux*_bin<b>	kg m^-2 s^-1	surface deposition flux of a dust size bin <d> is one of the dust size bin numbers: 1, 2, 3, ... .
dust_emis_flux*_bin<b>	kg m^-2 s^-1	surface emission flux of a dust size bin <d> is one of the dust size bin numbers: 1, 2, 3, ... .
ghf*	W m^-2	ground (soil) heat flux From energy balance.
kfd*	m	katabatic flow depth Indicates the top of a katabatic flow characterized by a jet-like structure. To detect a katabatic flow and determine its depth, the flow must show an elevated maximum of shear production and must be roughly aligned with the terrain-slope.
lai	m² m^-2	leaf area index
lwp*	kg m^-2	liquid water path
m_liq*	m	liquid water level on plants
ol*	m	Obukhov length in the constant flux layer
pra*	mm	precipitation amount Requires cloud_scheme = 'kessler' or 'seifert_beheng'. Time interval to which amount refers to is defined by precipitation_amount_interval.
qsurf*	kg kg^-1	mixing ratio at the surface
qsws*	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	surface latent heatflux Requires humidity = .T..
qsws_liq*	W m^-2	surface latent heat flux due to evaporation/condensation of liquid water on plants From energy balance.
qsws_soil*	W m^-2	surface latent heat flux due to evaporation/precipitation of bare soil From energy balance.
qsws_veg*	W m^-2	surface latent heat flux due to transpiration of plants From energy balance.
qv_2m*	kg kg^-1	2-m water vapor mixing ratio Requires using the buld cloud model. See also description of theta_2m.*
rad_lw_in*	W m^-2	incoming longwave radiation flux
rad_lw_out*	W m^-2	outgoing longwave radiation flux
rad_sw_in*	W m^-2	incoming shortwave radiation flux
rad_sw_out*	W m^-2	outgoing shortwave radiation flux
rad_net*	W m^-2	net radiation flux at the surface
r_a*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance
r_s*	s m^-1	resistance of the surface Soil plus vegetation.
shf*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	surface sensible heat flux
slurb_albedo_urb*	1	effective urban shortwave albedo
slurb_c_liq_road*	%	liquid water coverage on the road Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_c_liq_roof*	%	liquid water coverage on the roof Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_emiss_urb*	1	effective urban longwave emissivity
slurb_ghf_road*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the road to deep soil
slurb_ghf_roof*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the roof to building indoor air
slurb_ghf_wall_a*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the wall A to building indoor air
slurb_ghf_wall_b*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the wall B to building indoor air Same as slurb_ghf_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_ghf_win_a*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the window A to building indoor air
slurb_ghf_win_b*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the window B to building indoor air Same as slurb_ghf_wall_b if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_m_liq_road*	m	liquid water reservoir on the road Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_m_liq_roof*	m	liquid water reservoir on the roof Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_ol_canyon*	m	Obukhov length for the constant flux layer between the street canyon air and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_ol_road*	m	Obukhov length for the constant flux layer between the road surface and the street canyon air
slurb_ol_roof*	m	Obukhov length for the constant flux layer between the roof surface and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_ol_urb*	m	Obukhov length for the constant flux layer between the urban surface and the first atmospheric grid level Used to compute the momentum flux for aggregate urban surface.
slurb_q_canyon*	kg kg^-1	mixing ratio of the street canyon air Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_q_road*	kg kg^-1	mixing ratio at the road surface Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_q_roof*	kg kg^-1	mixing ratio at the roof surface Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qs_road*	kg kg^-1	saturation mixing ratio at the road surface Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qs_roof*	kg kg^-1	saturation mixing ratio at the roof surface Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qsws_canyon*	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	latent heat flux from the roof to the first atmospheric grid level Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qsws_road*	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	latent heat flux from the road surface to street canyon air Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qsws_lsm*	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	latent heat flux from natural surfaces to the first atmospheric grid level as modelled by PALM-LSM With SLUrb enabled, the surface latent heat flux output qsws* becomes the aggregated flux from both urban and natural surfaces. With slurb_qsws_urb* and slurb_qsws_lsm*, it is possible to output the urban and natural partitions separately. The output is not weighted by surface fraction. Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qsws_urb*	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	latent heat flux from urban surfaces to the first atmospheric grid level as modelled by PALM-LSM With SLUrb enabled, the surface latent heat flux output qsws* becomes the aggregated flux from both urban and natural surfaces. With slurb_qsws_urb* and slurb_qsws_lsm*, it is possible to output the urban and natural partitions separately. The output is not weighted by surface fraction. Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_rad_lw_net_road*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the road surface
slurb_rad_lw_net_roof*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the roof surface
slurb_rad_lw_net_urb*	W m^-2	aggregated net longwave radiation flux of the urban surface
slurb_rad_lw_net_wall_a*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the wall A surface
slurb_rad_lw_net_wall_b*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the wall B surface Same as slurb_rad_lw_net_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_rad_lw_net_win_a*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the window A surface
slurb_rad_lw_net_win_b*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the window B surface Same as slurb_rad_lw_net_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_rad_sw_net_roof*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the roof surface
slurb_rad_sw_net_urb*	W m^-2	aggregated net shortwave radiation flux of the urban surface
slurb_rad_sw_net_wall_a*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the wall A surface
slurb_rad_sw_net_wall_b*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the wall B surface Same as slurb_rad_sw_net_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_rad_sw_net_win_a*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the window A surface
slurb_rad_sw_net_win_b*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the window B surface Same as slurb_rad_sw_net_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_rad_sw_net_road*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the road surface
slurb_rad_sw_tr_win_a*	W m^-2	transmitted shortwave radiation flux through the window A to building indoor air
slurb_rad_sw_tr_win_b*	W m^-2	transmitted shortwave radiation flux through the window B to building indoor air Same as slurb_rad_sw_tr_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_rah_canyon*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat for the constant flux layer between the street canyon air and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_rah_facade*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat between a facade surface and the street canyon air Available only if facade_resistance_parametrization is either 'krayenhoff&voogt' or 'rowley'. These parametrizations do not differentiate between wall and window surfaces or facade A and B.
slurb_rah_road*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat for the constant flux layer between the road surface and the street canyon air
slurb_rah_roof*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat for the constant flux layer between the road surface and the street canyon air
slurb_rah_wall_a*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat between the wall A surface and the street canyon air Available only if facade_resistance_parametrization is 'doe-2'.
slurb_rah_wall_b*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat between the wall B surface and the street canyon air Available only if facade_resistance_parametrization is 'doe-2'.
slurb_rah_win_a*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat between the window A surface and the street canyon air Available only if facade_resistance_parametrization is 'doe-2'.
slurb_rah_win_b*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat between the window B surface and the street canyon air Available only if facade_resistance_parametrization is 'doe-2'.
slurb_ram_urb*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for momentum for the constant flux layer between the urban surface and the first atmospheric grid level Used to compute the momentum flux for aggregate urban surface.
slurb_rib_canyon*	s m^-1	bulk Richardson number for the constant flux layer between the street canyon air and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_rib_road*	s m^-1	bulk Richardson number for heat for the constant flux layer between the roof surface and the street canyon air
slurb_shf_canyon*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the street canyon air to the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_shf_external*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from external sources to the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_shf_road*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the road to the street canyon air
slurb_shf_roof*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the roof to the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_shf_traffic*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from traffic to the street canyon air
slurb_shf_lsm*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from natural surfaces to the first atmospheric grid level With SLUrb enabled, the surface latent heat flux output shf* becomes the aggregated flux from both urban and natural surfaces. With slurb_shf_urb* and slurb_shf_lsm*, it is possible to output the urban and natural partitions separately.
slurb_shf_urb*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from urban surfaces to the first atmospheric grid level With SLUrb enabled, the surface latent heat flux output shf* becomes the aggregated flux from both urban and natural surfaces. With slurb_shf_urb* and slurb_shf_lsm*, it is possible to output the urban and natural partitions separately.
slurb_shf_wall_a*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the wall A to the street canyon air
slurb_shf_wall_b*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the wall B to the street canyon air Same as slurb_shf_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_shf_win_a*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the window A to the street canyon air
slurb_shf_win_b*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the window B to the street canyon air Same as slurb_shf_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_t_canyon*	K	street canyon air temperature Defined at street canyon half-height.
slurb_t_rad_urb*	K	radiative temperature of the urban surface Computed from outgoing longwave radiation and effective urban surface temperature.
slurb_t_surf_road*	K	road surface temperature
slurb_t_surf_roof*	K	roof surface temperature
slurb_t_surf_wall_a*	K	wall A surface temperature
slurb_t_surf_wall_b*	K	wall B surface temperature Same as slurb_t_surf_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_t_surf_win_a*	K	window A surface temperature
slurb_t_surf_win_b*	K	window B surface temperature Same as slurb_t_surf_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_t_c_urb*	K	complete urban surface temperature Urban surface temperature computed by area-weighting of surface temperatures from roof, walls, windows and road.
slurb_t_h_urb*	K	effective urban surface temperature Urban surface temperature based on conservation of local heat flux contributions of surfaces.
slurb_t_2m_urb*	K	urban 2-meter air temperature Diagnostic urban 2-meter air temperature using stability-corrected logarithmic extrapolation from the first atmospheric grid level. Extrapolation typically underestimates the true air temperature within the urban canopy during daytime.
slurb_theta_canyon*	K	street canyon air potential temperature Defined at street canyon half-height.
slurb_theta_road*	K	road surface potential temperature
slurb_theta_roof*	K	roof surface potential temperature
slurb_theta_wall_a*	K	wall A surface potential temperature
slurb_theta_wall_b*	K	wall B surface potential temperature Same as slurb_theta_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_theta_win_a*	K	window A surface potential temperature
slurb_theta_win_b*	K	window B surface potential temperature Same as slurb_theta_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_thetav_canyon*	K	street canyon air virtual potential temperature Defined at street canyon half-height. Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_thetav_road*	K	road surface virtual potential temperature Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_thetav_roof*	K	roof surface virtual potential temperature Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_wspeed_canyon*	m s^-1	street canyon horizontal wind speed Defined at street canyon half-height.
slurb_wspeed_eff_canyon*	m s^-1	street canyon effective horizontal wind speed Defined at street canyon half-height. Includes the effect of turbulent and convective velocity scales.
slurb_us_canyon*	m s^-1	friction velocity in the constant flux layer between the street canyon air and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_us_road*	m s^-1	friction velocity in the constant flux layer between the road surface and the street canyon air
slurb_us_roof*	m s^-1	friction velocity in the constant flux layer between the roof surface and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_us_urb*	m s^-1	friction velocity in the constant flux layer between the urban surface and the first atmospheric grid level Computed for the aggregate urban surface.
slurb_usws_urb*	m^-2 s^-2	u-component of the urban vertical turbulent momentum flux Computed for the aggregate urban surface.
slurb_vsws_urb*	m^-2 s^-2	v-component of the urban vertical turbulent momentum flux Computed for the aggregate urban surface.
ssurf*	kg kg^-1	surface scalar concentration Requires passive_scalar = .T..
ssws*	kg m^-2 s^-1 or ppm m s^-1	surface scalarflux Requires passive_scalar = .T..
t*	K	(near surface) characteristic temperature
ta_2m*	°C	true air temperature at 2m above surface Estimated from logarithmic interpolation if the 2m level is below the first prognostic grid point, else interpolated between two vertical levels.
theta_2m*	K	potential temperature at 2m above surface Estimated from logarithmic interpolation if the 2m level is below the first prognostic grid point, else interpolated between two vertical levels.
tsurf*	K	surface temperature
us*	m s^-1	(near surface) friction velocity
uv_ewir1*	mW m^-2	wavelength integrated and erythemally weighted UV irradiance The UV radiance is calculated based on a sky-view factor approach (LOD1). Requires setting of parameter uv_integration_method = 'from_irradiance'.
uv_ewir2*	mW m^-2	wavelength integrated and erythemally weighted UV irradiance The UV radiance is calculated based on a spherical obstruction approach (LOD2). Requires setting of parameter uv_integration_method = 'from_radiance'.
uv_ir1*	W m^-2	wavelength integrated UV irradiance The UV radiance is calculated based on a sky-view factor approach (LOD1). Requires setting of parameter uv_integration_method = 'from_irradiance'.
uv_ir2*	W m^-2	wavelength integrated UV irradiance The UV radiance is calculated based on a spherical obstruction approach (LOD2). Requires setting of parameter uv_integration_method = 'from_radiance'.
vf25m*	m³ s^-1	volume-flux rate integrated up to 25m above surface
vf50m*	m³ s^-1	volume-flux rate integrated up to 50m above surface
vf75m*	m³ s^-1	volume-flux rate integrated up to 75m above surface
vf100m*	m³ s^-1	volume-flux rate integrated up to 100m above surface
vfxxm*	m³ s^-1	volume-flux rate integrated up to detected katabatic flow depth See also remarks for kfd.*
vfd25m*	m³ m^-1 s^-1	volume-flux density integrated up to 25m above surface Volume flux per second through a 1m wide column with height of 25m.
vfd50m*	m³ m^-1 s^-1	volume-flux density integrated up to 50m above surface Volume flux per second through a 1m wide column with height of 50m.
vfd75m*	m³ m^-1 s^-1	volume-flux density integrated up to 75m above surface Volume flux per second through a 1m wide column with height of 75m.
vfd100m*	m³ m^-1 s^-1	volume-flux density integrated up to 100m above surface Volume flux per second through a 1m wide column with height of 100m.
vfdxxm*	m³ m^-1 s^-1	volume-flux density integrated up to detected katabatic flow depth Volume flux per second through a 1m wide column with height of 75m. See also remarks for kfd.*
wdir_10m*	degree	direction of horizontal wind vector at 10 m above surface Calculated based on the horizontal wind vector components, which are estimated from logarithmic interpolation if the 10m level is below the first prognostic grid point, else interpolated between two vertical levels.
wspeed_10m*	m s^-1	10-m wind speed Estimated from logarithmic interpolation if the 10m level is below the first prognostic grid point, else interpolated between two vertical levels.
z0*	m	roughness length
z0h*	m	roughness length for scalar quantities

DET quantities#

Name	SI-Unit	Description
clay	kg m^-3	mass concentration of clay-sized particles Particles with a diameter less than or equal to 4.0E-6 m are considered
dust	kg m^-3	mass concentration of dust-sized particles Particles with a diameter less than or equal to 63.0E-6 m are considered
dust_depo_flux*_bin<b>	kg m^-2 s^-1	surface deposition flux of a dust size bin <d> is one of the dust size bin numbers: 1, 2, 3, ... .
dust_emis_flux*_bin<b>	kg m^-2 s^-1	surface emission flux of a dust size bin <d> is one of the dust size bin numbers: 1, 2, 3, ... .
dust_mc_bin<b>	kg m^-3	mass concentration of a dust size bin <d> is one of the dust size bin numbers: 1, 2, 3, ... .
silt	kg m^-3	mass concentration of silt-sized particles Particles with a diameter greater than 4.0E-6 m and less than or equal to 63.0E-6 m are considered

SLUrb quantities#

Name	SI-Unit	Description
slurb_albedo_urb*	1	effective urban shortwave albedo
slurb_c_liq_road*	%	liquid water coverage on the road Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_c_liq_roof*	%	liquid water coverage on the roof Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_emiss_urb*	1	effective urban longwave emissivity
slurb_ghf_road*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the road to deep soil
slurb_ghf_roof*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the roof to building indoor air
slurb_ghf_wall_a*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the wall A to building indoor air
slurb_ghf_wall_b*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the wall B to building indoor air Same as slurb_ghf_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_ghf_win_a*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the window A to building indoor air
slurb_ghf_win_b*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	ground heat flux from the window B to building indoor air Same as slurb_ghf_wall_b if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_m_liq_road*	m	liquid water reservoir on the road Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_m_liq_roof*	m	liquid water reservoir on the roof Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_ol_canyon*	m	Obukhov length for the constant flux layer between the street canyon air and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_ol_road*	m	Obukhov length for the constant flux layer between the road surface and the street canyon air
slurb_ol_roof*	m	Obukhov length for the constant flux layer between the roof surface and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_ol_urb*	m	Obukhov length for the constant flux layer between the urban surface and the first atmospheric grid level Used to compute the momentum flux for aggregate urban surface.
slurb_q_canyon*	kg kg^-1	mixing ratio of the street canyon air Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_q_road*	kg kg^-1	mixing ratio at the road surface Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_q_roof*	kg kg^-1	mixing ratio at the roof surface Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qs_road*	kg kg^-1	saturation mixing ratio at the road surface Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qs_roof*	kg kg^-1	saturation mixing ratio at the roof surface Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qsws_canyon*	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	latent heat flux from the roof to the first atmospheric grid level Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qsws_road*	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	latent heat flux from the road surface to street canyon air Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qsws_lsm*	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	latent heat flux from natural surfaces to the first atmospheric grid level as modelled by PALM-LSM With SLUrb enabled, the surface latent heat flux output qsws* becomes the aggregated flux from both urban and natural surfaces. With slurb_qsws_urb* and slurb_qsws_lsm*, it is possible to output the urban and natural partitions separately. The output is not weighted by surface fraction. Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_qsws_urb*	kg kg^-1 m s^-1 or W m^-2	latent heat flux from urban surfaces to the first atmospheric grid level as modelled by PALM-LSM With SLUrb enabled, the surface latent heat flux output qsws* becomes the aggregated flux from both urban and natural surfaces. With slurb_qsws_urb* and slurb_qsws_lsm*, it is possible to output the urban and natural partitions separately. The output is not weighted by surface fraction. Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_rad_lw_net_road*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the road surface
slurb_rad_lw_net_roof*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the roof surface
slurb_rad_lw_net_urb*	W m^-2	aggregated net longwave radiation flux of the urban surface
slurb_rad_lw_net_wall_a*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the wall A surface
slurb_rad_lw_net_wall_b*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the wall B surface Same as slurb_rad_lw_net_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_rad_lw_net_win_a*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the window A surface
slurb_rad_lw_net_win_b*	W m^-2	net longwave radiation flux at the window B surface Same as slurb_rad_lw_net_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_rad_sw_net_roof*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the roof surface
slurb_rad_sw_net_urb*	W m^-2	aggregated net shortwave radiation flux of the urban surface
slurb_rad_sw_net_wall_a*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the wall A surface
slurb_rad_sw_net_wall_b*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the wall B surface Same as slurb_rad_sw_net_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_rad_sw_net_win_a*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the window A surface
slurb_rad_sw_net_win_b*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the window B surface Same as slurb_rad_sw_net_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_rad_sw_net_road*	W m^-2	net shortwave radiation flux at the road surface
slurb_rad_sw_tr_win_a*	W m^-2	transmitted shortwave radiation flux through the window A to building indoor air
slurb_rad_sw_tr_win_b*	W m^-2	transmitted shortwave radiation flux through the window B to building indoor air Same as slurb_rad_sw_tr_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_rah_canyon*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat for the constant flux layer between the street canyon air and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_rah_facade*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat between a facade surface and the street canyon air Available only if facade_resistance_parametrization is either 'krayenhoff&voogt' or 'rowley'. These parametrizations do not differentiate between wall and window surfaces or facade A and B.
slurb_rah_road*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat for the constant flux layer between the road surface and the street canyon air
slurb_rah_roof*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat for the constant flux layer between the road surface and the street canyon air
slurb_rah_wall_a*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat between the wall A surface and the street canyon air Available only if facade_resistance_parametrization is 'doe-2'.
slurb_rah_wall_b*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat between the wall B surface and the street canyon air Available only if facade_resistance_parametrization is 'doe-2'.
slurb_rah_win_a*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat between the window A surface and the street canyon air Available only if facade_resistance_parametrization is 'doe-2'.
slurb_rah_win_b*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for heat between the window B surface and the street canyon air Available only if facade_resistance_parametrization is 'doe-2'.
slurb_ram_urb*	s m^-1	aerodynamic resistance for momentum for the constant flux layer between the urban surface and the first atmospheric grid level Used to compute the momentum flux for aggregate urban surface.
slurb_rib_canyon*	s m^-1	bulk Richardson number for the constant flux layer between the street canyon air and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_rib_road*	s m^-1	bulk Richardson number for heat for the constant flux layer between the roof surface and the street canyon air
slurb_shf_canyon*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the street canyon air to the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_shf_external*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from external sources to the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_shf_road*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the road to the street canyon air
slurb_shf_roof*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the roof to the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_shf_traffic*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from traffic to the street canyon air
slurb_shf_lsm*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from natural surfaces to the first atmospheric grid level With SLUrb enabled, the surface latent heat flux output shf* becomes the aggregated flux from both urban and natural surfaces. With slurb_shf_urb* and slurb_shf_lsm*, it is possible to output the urban and natural partitions separately.
slurb_shf_urb*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from urban surfaces to the first atmospheric grid level With SLUrb enabled, the surface latent heat flux output shf* becomes the aggregated flux from both urban and natural surfaces. With slurb_shf_urb* and slurb_shf_lsm*, it is possible to output the urban and natural partitions separately.
slurb_shf_wall_a*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the wall A to the street canyon air
slurb_shf_wall_b*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the wall B to the street canyon air Same as slurb_shf_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_shf_win_a*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the window A to the street canyon air
slurb_shf_win_b*	K m s^-1 or W m^-2	sensible heat flux from the window B to the street canyon air Same as slurb_shf_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_t_canyon*	K	street canyon air temperature Defined at street canyon half-height.
slurb_t_rad_urb*	K	radiative temperature of the urban surface Computed from outgoing longwave radiation and effective urban surface temperature.
slurb_t_surf_road*	K	road surface temperature
slurb_t_surf_roof*	K	roof surface temperature
slurb_t_surf_wall_a*	K	wall A surface temperature
slurb_t_surf_wall_b*	K	wall B surface temperature Same as slurb_t_surf_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_t_surf_win_a*	K	window A surface temperature
slurb_t_surf_win_b*	K	window B surface temperature Same as slurb_t_surf_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_t_c_urb*	K	complete urban surface temperature Urban surface temperature computed by area-weighting of surface temperatures from roof, walls, windows and road.
slurb_t_h_urb*	K	effective urban surface temperature Urban surface temperature based on conservation of local heat flux contributions of surfaces.
slurb_t_2m_urb*	K	urban 2-meter air temperature Diagnostic urban 2-meter air temperature using stability-corrected logarithmic extrapolation from the first atmospheric grid level. Extrapolation typically underestimates the true air temperature within the urban canopy during daytime.
slurb_theta_canyon*	K	street canyon air potential temperature Defined at street canyon half-height.
slurb_theta_road*	K	road surface potential temperature
slurb_theta_roof*	K	roof surface potential temperature
slurb_theta_wall_a*	K	wall A surface potential temperature
slurb_theta_wall_b*	K	wall B surface potential temperature Same as slurb_theta_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_theta_win_a*	K	window A surface potential temperature
slurb_theta_win_b*	K	window B surface potential temperature Same as slurb_theta_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..*
slurb_thetav_canyon*	K	street canyon air virtual potential temperature Defined at street canyon half-height. Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_thetav_road*	K	road surface virtual potential temperature Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_thetav_roof*	K	roof surface virtual potential temperature Requires humidity = .T. and moist_physics = .T..
slurb_wspeed_canyon*	m s^-1	street canyon horizontal wind speed Defined at street canyon half-height.
slurb_wspeed_eff_canyon*	m s^-1	street canyon effective horizontal wind speed Defined at street canyon half-height. Includes the effect of turbulent and convective velocity scales.
slurb_us_canyon*	m s^-1	friction velocity in the constant flux layer between the street canyon air and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_us_road*	m s^-1	friction velocity in the constant flux layer between the road surface and the street canyon air
slurb_us_roof*	m s^-1	friction velocity in the constant flux layer between the roof surface and the first atmospheric grid level
slurb_us_urb*	m s^-1	friction velocity in the constant flux layer between the urban surface and the first atmospheric grid level Computed for the aggregate urban surface.
slurb_usws_urb*	m^-2 s^-2	u-component of the urban vertical turbulent momentum flux Computed for the aggregate urban surface.
slurb_vsws_urb*	m^-2 s^-2	v-component of the urban vertical turbulent momentum flux Computed for the aggregate urban surface.
slurb_t_road	K	road layer temperature
slurb_t_roof	K	roof layer temperature
slurb_t_wall_a	K	wall A layer temperature
slurb_t_wall_b	K	wall A layer temperature Same as slurb_t_wall_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..
slurb_t_win_a	K	window A layer temperature
slurb_t_win_b	K	window A layer temperature Same as slurb_t_win_a if anisotropic_street_canyons = .F..

UV quantities#

Name	SI-Unit	Description
uv_ewir1*	mW m^-2	wavelength integrated and erythemally weighted UV irradiance The UV radiance is calculated based on a sky-view factor approach (LOD1). Requires setting of parameter uv_integration_method = 'from_irradiance'.
uv_ewir2*	mW m^-2	wavelength integrated and erythemally weighted UV irradiance The UV radiance is calculated based on a spherical obstruction approach (LOD2). Requires setting of parameter uv_integration_method = 'from_radiance'.
uv_ir1*	W m^-2	wavelength integrated UV irradiance The UV radiance is calculated based on a sky-view factor approach (LOD1). Requires setting of parameter uv_integration_method = 'from_irradiance'.
uv_ir2*	W m^-2	wavelength integrated UV irradiance The UV radiance is calculated based on a spherical obstruction approach (LOD2). Requires setting of parameter uv_integration_method = 'from_radiance'.

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